Crypto Currency and What you need to know about Global Exchange Risk Management
 
 
      With all the craze surrounding cryptocurrencies it becomes imperative to understand what they are, and how they can be utilized in today’s modern economy. What are their capabilities, and where are their weaknesses?
 
Although this post does not attempt to be comprehensive it does intend to provide a quick overview and some basic information regarding the new economy and industry of online currencies in the context of international business and draws mostly from two articles that the author found to be most helpful in understanding the cryptocurrency economy. Therefore, apology ahead of time for long quotes, but the articles explain it all well. So the following discuses quickly what a crypto currency is, what the benefits and uses are, and then some quick risks and red flags.
 
What is Cryptocurrency?
 
Some general characteristics of cryptocurrencies include: block chain technology for verification and record keeping, algorithmic scarcity creating value, online ease of trade, storage, and commerce, and storage on offline systems such as hard drives (online and offline storage mechanisms are known as “wallets”).
 
According to an article regarding the new currencies with a specific look at bitcoin,
Governments may create financial and credit troubles thereby causing major problems for their currencies, global investors are looking for something more firm than the promise of a central bank. Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss—Bitcoin entrepreneurs—touted the digital currency as a solution to the world's troubled currency markets. "It's Gold 2.0," Tyler Winklevoss said.
 
“Like gold or other precious metals used as specie, Bitcoins are scarce. But their scarcity is algorithmic, as opposed to natural or accidental.
 
New Bitcoins are added only by being "mined," in the high-tech equivalent of a land rush. Computers on the Bitcoin network race to solve increasingly complicated mathematical problems. The first to do so has its solution verified by the other nodes on the network. Once verified, the Bitcoin can be traded using Bitcoin's wallet software.
 
Bitcoin mining guarantees a fixed rate of inflation (relative to itself). It roots the value of Bitcoins in the work needed to solve the puzzle. And the decentralized proof-of-work consensus protocol guards against fraud and counterfeit” (Carmody, 2013).
 
Therefore, Bitcoin "commoditized the process of securing the network." All the work done by financial centers and payment systems to detect fraud or counterfeit for traditional currency and credit markets is done all along the network according to the peer-to-peer protocols for Bitcoin. And the costs of that work are likewise distributed throughout the system, paid for through Bitcoin mining. This is what lets Bitcoins be traded and exchanged without huge fees (Carmody, 2013).
 
Cryptocurrencies therefore, are an innovative way to exchange goods and value, while maintaining scarcity and value for themselves all while being held, verified, and constructed in the web.
The most prevalent is Bitcoin, and most goins that are not Bitcoin are an alternate form of Bitcoin and are known as Alt-coin.
 
So, now that we have a general working idea or definition of cryptocurrencies, let’s now look at some usages and risks.
 
According to Carmody, the area with the greatest potential for Bitcoin worldwide is probably international remittances: money sent home by workers living abroad. Although obviously the international business community can utilize these currencies in the same manner. Currently, this money has to be handled by several intermediaries: banks, wire services, and currency exchanges all take their cut. A report by Businessweek noted that the average fee for remittances was 9 percent of the money transferred, with conversion to cash often costing an extra 5 percent. Western Union's profit margins are enormous for an intermediary, nearly 16 percent, and most of its costs are devoted to the technologies moving money from one place to another, guaranteeing the legitimacy of the transfer. In short, Western Union spends and earns billions to do what Bitcoin does for free (Carmody, 2013).
 
"The vast majority of people on the planet don't even own a bank account," Bitcoin evangelist Jonathan Mohan tells PBS Newshour. "And it's my contention that—and a lot of people think this—that, just as in Africa, they didn't go to phones. They went directly to cell phones, that, in the same sort of adoption curve, in these developing nations, you're not going to see them start getting bank accounts. You're going to see them just going straight to Bitcoins, because if you own a Bitcoin address, you have a bank account on your phone that you can interact on the global stage with (Carmody, 2013)"
 
"Money has become data," Ben Milne, founder of Dwolla, a real-time payments company, said at emTech. "There needs to be an infrastructure that allows people to exchange whatever they have for whatever they want, that confirms who they are, and confirms that the transaction is legitimate (Carmody, 2013)"
 
Therefore, there is great potential for utilizing crypto currencies for reaching lower level markets that may use cryptocurrencies instead of their own currencies to buy international goods. As developing markets may not have the financial infrastructure to use credit cards and other such financial instruments, cryptocurrencies may become readily available and provide a very quick and cheap alternative.
 
However, it must be stated that cryptocurrency has a primary use of speculation, it is estimated in a 2016 joint report from Coinbase and ARK Invest that 54% of bitcoin users utilize bitcoin strictly as an investment (Hileman & Rauchs, 2017).
 
Other uses include payment. “Estimates of the use of cryptocurrency for payments has varied significantly across different sources. For example, a 2016 report from the Boston Federal Reserve has estimated that 75% of US consumers who own cryptocurrencies have used them for payments within a 12 month period, while the Coinbase/ARK Invest report indicates that 46% of Coinbase users use bitcoin as a ‘transactional medium’ (defined as making at least one payment per year)” (Hileman & Rauchs, 2017). “The use of payment in cryptocurrency and merchants who will accept it is increasing worldwide as a payment method, however, cryptocurrencies are not being used as primary payment method on a daily exchange or for everyday expenses. This is mostly due to cryptocurrency not being a “closed loop” system or economy in which businesses or individuals would be compensated in the same form of payment while also utilizing cryptocurrencies as a form of making payments” (Hileman & Rauchs, 2017). (in other words, payments are usually a one-time transaction from one institution or individual to another and the economy does not necessarily blend with other currencies)
            There may be some clear advantages to corporations utilizing cryptocurrencies for cross border payments, as “a considerable number of companies have emerged that
use cryptocurrency networks primarily as a ‘payment rail’ to make fast and cheap cross-border payments. However, following the recent surge in bitcoin transaction fees, some are reconsidering this strategy and shifting transactions towards private blockchain-based solutions” (Hileman & Rauchs, 2017).
 
 
So now that we have a better understanding of some of the benefits of Cryptocurrencies, now we can take a look at some downfalls.
 
One potential major downfall is that cryptocurrencies tend to be very volatile. This can cause major issues for the payment or transferring funds through cryptocurrencies into other more stable currencies. For example, the manager who intends to move several hundred thousand dollars in Bitcoin to Europe to be exchanged for Euros will suffer great exchange risk if Bitcoin drops within seconds of making the transfer. In this sense, most major operations using cryptocurrencies are not actually used as currencies, but instead are used more in the speculation market to attempt to grow assets and wealth. As cryptocurrencies become more stable in the future this may change, but for now it causes an extreme risk for mangers to face.
 
Other risks include the future of regulation and government interventions, the potential for cryptocurrencies to not being widely adopted, and cyber-attacks in the form of theft.
 
Nevertheless, with Cryptocurrencies being a multibillion dollar industry, they cannot be ignored, and must be explored in management as possible utilities for the expansion of global growth of Multinational firms.
 
Resources: Carmody, T. (2013, Oct 15). Money 3.0: How Bitcoins May Change the Global Economy. Retrieved from National Geographic: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131014-bitcoins-silk-road-virtual-currencies-internet-money/
Hileman, G., & Rauchs, M. (2017). Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study. University of Cambridge, Judge Business School. Center for Alternative Finance.
 

There's an unfortunate stigma for business in the Middle East and North Africa as being unstable and high risk. That clouds the view of many business leaders, thus ensuring that they miss out on great opportunities in emerging markets in the region. Now is the time to reconsider investment there.
In the coming years, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region may become the most important developing economy for global opportunities.

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                Conventional exporting strategies tend to rely mostly on global and national markets, however as globalization continues to change the international business arena and markets, larger cities have become an important actor. These “Global Cities” may be the ticket for your product or corporation’s first export initiative. As corporations have adapted and changed with globalization, so now global strategy evolves from traditional market analysis or strategies to include large hubs for international trade or potential clients. The US government creatively identifies initiatives to promote economic development through export promotion and assistance, to highlight one relevant to the topic, the Global Cities Initiative is worth taking a look at. This Exchange includes 28 US metropolitan areas engaged in a two phase planning process aimed at creating integrated export and foreign direct investment plans (Brookings, 2017). Utilizing initiatives like these where local metro government and the federal government may assist, is one way to add a competitive edge to your global strategy. GSCS will assist in identifying opportunities available to your particular firm or product.
               
      This restructuring of the role of large metropolitan areas will give small business distinct advantages going forward. With the initiatives to bring in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and increase exports, small business may be able to capitalize on global as well as local partnerships for funding to establish export opportunities and increase network capabilities. Likewise, the economies of nation states will be slightly altered, granting some importance to local metropolitan areas which can narrow down the search for networking opportunities from then national to the city level. With this type of specialized market strategy, businesses can hone in on the exact contacts, markets, and opportunities that will boost their export revenue and give them competitive advantage based on specialization macroeconomic principles. This will essentially create more efficient markets in the sense that highly specialized products or services can target their specific markets at metropolitan level.

For further help or assistance with these concepts and information on how to take your corporation to the next level, contact GSCS and let us do the heavy lifting.

Also check out our Go Global Cruise where concepts like these will be expanded on, and opportunities for more one on one sessions made available to tailor your strategy for your product and service to have the highest impact globally. For only $25 you can reserve your seat today. 

     Brookings. (2017). Global Cities Initiative: The Exchange. Retrieved from www.brookings.edu:                                    https://www.brookings.edu/global-cities-initiative-the-exchange/

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     As the world continues to become more globalized, the opportunities for small business owners are extraordinary. Exporting for the small to medium enterprise (SME) is not only the trend and undisputed reality of globalization, but has become necessary for ensuring survival and success. Although other options exist for reaching foreign markets such as investing abroad and manufacturing while hopping over tariffs, exporting is by far the most attainable for the SME. Despite the resources necessary for export in terms of financial, managerial, and organizational, exporting is accessible both to the large firm and ever increasingly to the small alike  (Majocchi, Bacchiocchi, & Mayrhofer, 2005). Although it is disputed whether the size of the firm will determine success for export, one thing is virtually undisputed that experience is a crucial variable influencing a firm’s ability to export. This is where GSCS can assist to get behind the power curve while training internal expertise. Research demonstrates that a positive relationship exists between export intensity and firm size by number of employees meaning the larger the size of the firm the more resources it has, it can (obviously) export with greater intensity. However, when comparing firm size by volume of sales, the relationship was negative. The numbers also suggest that firm age, meaning experience, is a major player (Majocchi, Bacchiocchi, & Mayrhofer, 2005). With these realities, the small firm should not shy away from exporting, but instead should realize the implications of acquiring the necessary resources. This research as well as the sheer number of small businesses that are already entering global markets compared to large firms indicates that it can be done and even done more often for the small firm and that it is not entirely impossible when compared to large firms. 
      According to the Small Business Administration

• “With U.S. small businesses employing almost half of the U.S. workforce and creating two- thirds of all net new jobs, small businesses play a critical role in the domestic economy. Likewise, small businesses play an important role internationally as they make up a steady 97 percent of all U.S. identified exporters and account for a significant and growing share of export value (Table 1). Since 2006, the value of exports coming from small businesses has grown from 28.9 percent to 33.6 percent, and the number of small business exporters is up 24.3 percent (Figures 1 and 2). Further, small business export value grew 35.5 percent faster than the large business share, and the number of small exporters outpaced large ones by 20.9 percent  (Delehanty, 2015).”

When small businesses look to export, they can increase sales and profit, reduce dependency on domestic markets, and stabilize seasonal fluctuations. After all:

• Nearly 96 percent of consumers live outside the U.S.
• Two-thirds of the world’s purchasing power is in foreign countries (SBA, n.d.).

 
Given the firm data of the benefits of exporting, small businesses should look to begin and start planning at an early stage.
 
Global Strategy Consulting Services is glad to assist with the initial steps of exporting, our FREE global scan will give your company a clear idea of 15-25 markets that your company could begin looking at. We use trade statistics, export data, and your product information to give you a printout of exports entering other markets with the same or similar products as yours for the last 5 years with a percentage of increase or decrease with the last two years. (Contact us for your FREE global scan!)

Our market analysis will go much deeper on specific countries and with a flat rate of $1000.00 this becomes a very cheap way to gain a lot of knowledge about your top market choices. We will also give you a free 1 hour consultation to assist in the steps necessary prior to the market analysis. 

Our “Go Global” Cruise will give you powerful insights on exactly how to start your internationalization initiative with decisive action steps.
 
What are you waiting for, contact us and let’s get started today!
 
Delehanty, P. (2015, December 1). Small Business Key Players in International Trade. Retrieved from www.sba.gov: https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/Issue-Brief-11-Small-Biz-Key-Players-International-Trade.pdf
Majocchi, A., Bacchiocchi, E., & Mayrhofer, U. (2005). Firm Size, Business Experience and Export Intensity in SMEs: A Logitudinal Approach to Complex Relationships. International Business Review, 719-738.
SBA. (n.d.). Explore Exporting. Retrieved Jan 12, 2017, from www.sba.gov: https://www.sba.gov/managing-business/exporting/explore-exporting
 
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